Research Progress and Key Issues on Thermodynamic Characteristics and Thermal Compatibility of Grouting Materials for Cave Rocks Under Temperature Cycling

Yang Wang; Li Li; Mingshen Shao; Weichang Chen; Jianhui Liu; Xingzhou Liang

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23

Research Article |

| Peer-Reviewed

Research Progress and Key Issues on Thermodynamic Characteristics and Thermal Compatibility of Grouting Materials for Cave Rocks Under Temperature Cycling

Yang Wang^*, Li Li, Mingshen Shao, Weichang Chen, Jianhui Liu, Xingzhou Liang

Published in Science Research (Volume 14, Issue 5)

Received: 3 July 2026 Accepted: 27 August 2026 Published: 14 September 2026

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Abstract

This study investigates the thermodynamic properties of grouting materials used in fractured rock masses of cave temples and their thermal compatibility with the host rock, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for the optimal design of reinforcement materials in cave temple conservation. Grotto temples represent a vital component of China's cultural heritage. The rocks of these structures are highly susceptible to thermal deterioration under natural cyclic temperature variations. In particular, the significant discrepancies in thermophysical properties among the constituent parts of the composite structure—specifically between grouting materials and the surrounding rock—induce thermally driven degradation, an issue that warrants considerable attention. The thermophysical properties of grouting materials are markedly influenced by various factors, including compositional ratios and moisture content. However, systematic investigations into the thermodynamic behavior of grouting materials used for fractured rocks in cave temples remain notably insufficient. Consequently, investigating the thermal compatibility between grouting materials and grotto temple rocks is of paramount importance for enhancing reinforcement efficacy and ensuring the long-term conservation of this cultural heritage. Future research should prioritize elucidating the thermodynamic characteristics of grouting materials and their responses to differential thermal expansion relative to the rock mass. Such insights will provide a robust theoretical foundation for the modification and development of advanced grouting materials tailored for heritage preservation.

Published in	Science Research (Volume 14, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23
Page(s)	356-364
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Grotto Temple Rocks, Grouting Material, Thermodynamic Properties, Thermal Compatibility, Thermal Degradation

1．引言

石窟寺是以佛教传播、发展为主线开凿兴建的建筑物，集寺庙建筑、壁画、彩塑、雕刻、书法等于一体，体现了中华民族的审美追求、价值理念及文化精神，在我国文化遗产中占有重要地位。然而，石窟寺多依托山体开凿、雕刻而成，其所依附的地质体受到自然环境作用和人类活动影响，面临岩体失稳、渗漏水毁、风化侵蚀等病害威胁

[1]

，最终使石窟艺术丧失其原有价值。目前石窟寺面临最为棘手的问题是与自然环境息息相关的各种病害，外界因素诸如太阳辐射、大气降水、风沙、植被及微生物等综合作用于石窟寺岩体，使其表面及内部发生不同程度的变形和破坏，其中岩体温度波动导致风化开裂问题不容忽视。

石窟寺岩体裂隙灌浆加固是当前石窟寺岩体防渗、失稳抢救的主要手段，是其他病害治理工程的基础和前提。然而，由于岩体和灌浆材料具有不同热力学性质，温度循环作用下灌浆材料与岩体热膨胀不协调，极易导致岩体和灌浆材料各层之间产生应力，进而引起石窟寺岩体破坏。石窟寺岩体裂隙灌浆加固效果，主要取决于灌浆材料与石窟岩体的兼容性和耐候性，而温度场作用下加固材料的热力学性质及其与石窟本体的变形协调性是评价材料适用性的关键科学指标。

目前，关于石窟寺岩体热效应研究可主要归集于露天石质文物热稳定性研究、灌浆材料热力学性质研究和石窟寺岩体与灌浆材料热兼容性研究。本文在综述石窟寺岩体与灌浆材料热力学性质研究进展的基础上，对石窟寺岩体热效应未来的研究与应用工作提出了建议。

2．露天石质文物热稳定性研究

自然环境中裸露岩体温度波动，在岩体表面至内部形成温度差异导致热应力，引起裂隙产生、扩张和相互贯通

[2-9]

。测试资料显示

[10]

，裸露岩体由于太阳照射和环境温度变化产生的热应力在0.35~6.33MPa范围，是导致岩体破坏和开裂的原因。

在文物保护领域，随着近年来文保工作从抢救性向预防性过渡，对文物赋存环境中温度这一影响因素的关注日益增加

[11, 12]

。在气候因素中，季节性、周期性的温度变化导致石质文物岩体劣化，诱发开裂、剥离、脱落等病害

[13, 14]

，洛阳地区统计资料显示

[15]

，太阳照射和环境温度变化导致龙门石窟围岩热应力为0.08~6.75MPa，足以引起围岩破裂。国内外学者通过热循环试验

[16, 17]

，扫描电子显微镜（SEM）试验和X射线衍射（XRD）

[18]

试验等方法研究石质文物温度风化剥落机制，发现日晒和热膨胀产生的张拉应力是导致岩体开裂、文物本体劣化的主要原因

[19, 20]

。露天石质文物病害类型还与其所处朝向、所在高度的太阳辐射强度有很强的关联性（见图1）

[21-23]

，太阳照射阴阳面差异、季节性波动在石质文物表面引起的温度和热应力变化导致风化速率的差异。

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 1. 图1 石质文物热开裂。

除岩体与外界环境热交换作用外，岩体热物理性质是影响裸露岩体热应力的主要内因

[24]

，测试研究表明，岩体热力学参数决定了岩体内部热扩散规律和温度场、热应力场分布形式，是研究岩体热效应的重要指标

[25-27]

，因此在太阳照射下石窟寺岩体热效应研究中，对岩体热力学参数的讨论必不可少。岩体主要热力学参数为导热系数和热膨胀系数：导热系数表征岩体的导热性能，即岩体内垂直于热流方向两平行平面温差为1°C，在一定时间内通过1m²面积传递的热量，岩体导热系数越大导热性能越好；热膨胀系数表征岩体在温度改变时热胀冷缩程度，是单位长度、单位体积岩体温度升高1℃时，其长度或体积的相对变化量。影响岩体热力学参数的因素多种多样，如岩体矿物组成、结构、孔隙率、含水率、温度和压力等。岩体的导热系数主要取决于矿物组成和孔隙率：由于水和空气热导率低于矿物热导率，岩体孔隙率越大导热系数越小；不同种类岩体矿物成分不同，导热系数各不相同，同一类岩体由于矿物组成比例、结构差异，导热系数也存在差异。导热系数大的矿物含量高，岩体导热系数越高，常见造岩矿物导热系数如石英为7.70W/(m·K)，白云石为5.44W/(m·K)，方解石为3.60W/(m·K)，长石为2.24W/(m·K)，萤石为8.63W/(m·K)，对于孔隙率较小的岩体，导热系数与石英含量成正比，对于碳酸盐岩，白云石含量越大导热系数越大。岩体的热膨胀系数受岩体矿物组成影响，热膨胀系数大的矿物含量高，岩体热膨胀系数越高，常见造岩矿物热膨胀系数如石英为23.3×106K^-1，云母为3.8×106K^-1，钾长石为10.6×106K^-1，斜长石为5.0×106K^-1。

石窟寺岩体在自然环境中温度波动，产生的热应力导致裂隙发育，劣化失稳问题较为突出。研究石窟寺岩体温度风化过程和热稳定性，对石窟寺的长久保存具有重要意义，为其失稳病害的防护与加固提供重要理论支撑。

3．灌浆材料热力学性质研究

石窟寺岩体裂隙灌浆加固技术具有干预度小、隐蔽性好的特点，是当前石窟寺岩体防渗、失稳抢救的主要手段，是其他病害治理工程的基础和前提。一方面将流态黏接材料填充灌入裂隙空腔，通过失水固结过程将断裂岩体胶合粘连成整体；另一方面浆液固化后的结石体封堵裂隙通道，有效减缓裂隙面风化和次生病害发育。

国内外众多学者对石质文物保护修复中使用的灌浆材料特性进行了广泛研究，早在20世纪70年代，欧美国家将水硬石灰应用于历史建筑物修复，并研究其物理力学性质

[28, 29]

以及不同固化条件

[30-33]

、不同添加剂

[31, 34, 35]

对其物理力学性质的影响。国内学者发现并测试了中国传统石灰类材料物理力学性能

[36, 37]

，发现其具有孔隙率大、收缩变形性小、透气和透水性好等特点，与欧洲水硬石灰性质相近。在此基础上，中国文化遗产研究院对中国传统石灰类材进行改性和应用研究

[38-41]

，得到针对不同岩性石窟寺岩体及其裂隙加固特点的灌浆材料最佳配比

[40, 42]

，提升灌浆材料的适用性

[43-47]

。导热系数、热膨胀系数表征了灌浆材料的热性能，影响材料的热传导和热变形，对灌浆材料内部的温度场、热应力场影响较大。针对混凝土的导热系数，已有许多学者开展了大量的理论和试验研究，发现骨料类型、孔隙率、含水率对混凝土导热系数的影响最大

[48-50]

。混凝土导热系数随着骨料含量、骨料导热系数的增加而增加。由于砂的导热系数小于粗骨料的导热系数，砂含量越大混凝土导热系数越小

[51]

。粗骨料形状、级配对混凝土导热系数产生影响，粗骨料粒径越大，轴长比越大，混凝土导热系数变异性越显著

[52]

。Ramazan等

[53]

研究了改性发泡聚苯乙烯代替混凝土骨料对导热系数的影响，发现混凝土导热系数随着聚苯乙烯掺量的增加逐渐减小。混凝土中加入矿渣、粉煤灰、漂珠会改变导热系数

[54]

，添加石墨使混凝土的导热系数升高

[55]

，添加矿物掺合料使混凝土导热系数下降

[56]

。Alexander等

[57]

，Min等

[58]

，Hunger等

[59]

将微胶囊相变材料加入混凝土中，发现微胶囊相变材料降低了混凝土的导热系数。文献

[50, 51, 60-66]

研究表明，混凝土的水胶比越大导热系数越小。混凝土孔隙率与孔径越大，含水率对导热系数的影响越显著

[67, 68]

。养护湿度

[69]

和微环境相对湿

[50]

对混凝土导热系数产生影响。混凝土导热系数随孔隙率的增大而降低，平均孔径的增大会减小孔隙率对导热系数的影响

[70-72]

。研究混凝土中孔隙形状

[73, 74]

、空间分布

[75]

影响导热系数。混凝土中微裂纹和宏观裂纹的萌发、扩展和贯通会阻碍热流通过，从而导致导热系数显著下降，引起导热系数各向异性，造成热流方向改变

[76]

，混凝土抗拉和抗压破坏过程中骨料和砂浆的脱粘导致混凝土导热系数降低

[77]

。

材料内部各组分热膨胀系数影响材料整体热膨胀性能，混凝土是一种复合材料，温度变化时其内部各组分发生不同程度膨胀，各组分之间相互约束，变形不能自由发生，因此混凝土热膨胀系数受其各组分性质影响很大，混凝土骨料类型、各组分含量以及含水率决定了混凝土热膨胀系数大小。混凝土中骨料约占总体积75%，骨料性质对混凝土的热膨胀系数影响显著

[78-82]

，骨料热膨胀系数越大，混凝土热膨胀系数越大，骨料体积分数越大，混凝土热膨胀系数越小

[83, 84]

，骨料粒径越大，混凝土热膨胀系数越大

[85]

。粉煤灰掺入比例的变化，改变胶凝材料中各组分占比及其内部孔隙数量和结构，对热膨胀系数产生较大影响，随着粉煤灰掺量增加，混凝土热膨胀系数减小

[86-88]

；矿渣掺量增大，混凝土热膨胀系数呈先增大后减小趋势

[89]

；大坝混凝土中掺入MgO膨胀剂，使混凝土热膨胀系数增大

[90]

；水泥基材料中掺入一定量碳纳米管可以减小水泥基复合材料内部孔隙半径和孔隙率，增大热膨胀系数

[91, 92]

。水灰比影响混凝土内部孔隙结构，水灰比越大，孔隙尺寸和孔隙率越大，热膨胀系数越小

[93-95]

。

文献调查显示，目前国内外对于石质文物修复加固灌浆材料的研究越来越全面

[96-100]

，然而目前还未有针对石窟寺裂隙岩体而开展的灌浆材料热力学特性系统研究。

4．热兼容性研究

自然环境中，温度循环作用下岩体层状结构会发生差异剥落，见图2。灌浆技术已广泛应用于石窟寺岩体裂隙加固保护，由于石窟寺岩体和灌浆材料具有不同热力学性质，随着环境因素如气温和太阳照射条件的变化，热物理性能差异导致岩体和灌浆材料各层之间产生应力，进而导致破坏开裂。在长期地质作用下，使用灌浆加固材料后的石窟岩体实际上是一种非均质、各向异性和非连续性的复合结构体，其劣化机制发生了怎样的变化有待探究。

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Figure 2. 图2 温度作用下岩体层状差异剥落。

国内外学者对热物理性能差异导致复合岩体结构热应力和热劣化问题展开研究。在水利水电工程中，环氧砂浆是最早用于水工混凝土结构修补的材料之一，具有高强度、低弹性模量和大极限抗拉强度等优点，但其热膨胀系数与混凝土差异较大

[101, 102]

。当温度急剧变化时，导致结构差异热膨胀引起界面失效甚至恶化

[103, 104]

，环氧砂浆与旧混凝土分离

[105, 106]

。因此，需要通过改变环氧砂浆的填料比例匹配环氧砂浆与混凝土的热膨胀系数，降低两者因变形不同而导致的温度应力，减少由此产生的微裂纹，提高修复后混凝土的耐久性

[107]

。露天混凝土结构内部水泥砂浆和骨料的热膨胀系数存在较大差异，在温度循环作用下热传导不连续导致热膨胀差异产生不协调变形，在骨料和水泥砂浆界面产生较大的温度应力，进而出现损伤并不断扩展延伸，最终表现为混凝土结构力学性能退化

[108-112]

。在壁画保护修复中使用灌浆技术导致壁画不同层具有不同热膨胀性质，温度变化时壁画各层之间产生应力导致差异变形（图3），破坏壁画原始结构并加剧壁画劣化

[113-115]

。

自然环境温度循环作用下，复合岩体结构中各组成部分热力学性质差异导致热应力和热劣化，加固材料的热力学性质及其与石窟本体的热兼容性是重要评价指标。因此，深入研究灌浆材料的热力学性能，明确温度循环作用下灌浆材料与石窟岩体的相互作用，探明不同固化条件、不同添加剂对灌浆材料热力学性质的影响规律，得到针对不同岩性石窟寺岩体及其裂隙加固特点的灌浆材料最佳配比，为石窟寺岩体裂隙灌浆加固材料选用和制备，以及灌浆加固效果评估提供理论和技术支撑，对于提高灌浆加固后石窟寺岩体的稳定性和耐久性具有重要意义。

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Figure 3. 图3 层间差异膨胀应力和裂纹形成

[113, 114]

。

5．结论与建议

石窟寺作为中华民族的文化遗产，面临自然环境因素威胁，石窟寺岩体在自然环境中温度波动，产生的热应力导致裂隙发育，劣化失稳问题较为突出。复合岩体结构各部分热力学性质差异导致热应力和热劣化问题不容忽视，石窟寺岩体裂隙灌浆加固效果，主要取决于裂隙灌浆材料与石窟岩体的兼容性和耐候性，而温度场作用下加固材料的热力学性质及其与石窟本体的变形协调性是评价材料适用性的关键科学指标，目前国内外对于石质文物修复加固灌浆材料的研究越来越全面，然而目前还未有针对石窟寺裂隙岩体而开展的灌浆材料热力学特性系统研究。基于此，未来研究需聚焦以下方向，并强化成果转化以推动技术落地：

1) 基础研究强化。开展多尺度（微观-细观-宏观）热力学参数测试，建立灌浆材料与石窟寺岩体复合结构热劣化模型，揭示温度循环作用下复合结构的损伤演化机制。

2) 新材料研发。针对不同岩性需求研发改性灌浆材料，优化骨料类型（如低热膨胀石英骨料）、添加剂（相变材料、纳米材料）及孔隙调控技术，开发具有自适应热膨胀性能的复合灌浆材料，通过调控矿物组成与孔隙结构实现热应力兼容，在石窟寺热劣化严重区域，实施灌浆材料热兼容性验证工程，通过长期监测评估材料耐久性。

3) 标准化与工程化转化。利用热红外成像、分布式光纤传感技术实时追踪加固区温度场与应力场变化，动态优化材料性能与施工工艺。制定石窟寺岩体灌浆材料热兼容性评价标准，建立涵盖材料制备、施工工艺、长期监测技术规范，推动科研成果向保护工程实践转化。

通过以上措施，可突破当前灌浆材料研发与应用的技术瓶颈，实现从实验室研究到工程实践的跨越式发展，为石窟寺的可持续保护提供系统性解决方案，同时推动文物保护技术向标准化、科学化方向升级。

致谢

本文为国家自然科学基金联合基金项目《露天大理岩质文物多尺度劣化机理与表层劣化治理技术研究》（U2574213）、中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金项目《石窟寺岩体裂隙灌浆材料热力学特性及热兼容性研究》(2024-JBKY-14)、腾讯慈善公益基金会、中国文物保护基金会“石窟寺科技保护与传承专项基金”项目《茗山寺保护研究利用示范项目》的阶段性成果之一。

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Wang, Y., Li, L., Shao, M., Chen, W., Liu, J., et al. (2026). Research Progress and Key Issues on Thermodynamic Characteristics and Thermal Compatibility of Grouting Materials for Cave Rocks Under Temperature Cycling. Science Research, 14(5), 356-364. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23

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ACS Style

Wang, Y.; Li, L.; Shao, M.; Chen, W.; Liu, J., et al. Research Progress and Key Issues on Thermodynamic Characteristics and Thermal Compatibility of Grouting Materials for Cave Rocks Under Temperature Cycling. Sci. Res. 2026, 14(5), 356-364. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23

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AMA Style

Wang Y, Li L, Shao M, Chen W, Liu J, et al. Research Progress and Key Issues on Thermodynamic Characteristics and Thermal Compatibility of Grouting Materials for Cave Rocks Under Temperature Cycling. Sci Res. 2026;14(5):356-364. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23

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@article{10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23,
  author = {Yang Wang and Li Li and Mingshen Shao and Weichang Chen and Jianhui Liu and Xingzhou Liang},
  title = {Research Progress and Key Issues on Thermodynamic Characteristics and Thermal Compatibility of Grouting Materials for Cave Rocks Under Temperature Cycling},
  journal = {Science Research},
  volume = {14},
  number = {5},
  pages = {356-364},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sr.20261405.23},
  abstract = {This study investigates the thermodynamic properties of grouting materials used in fractured rock masses of cave temples and their thermal compatibility with the host rock, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for the optimal design of reinforcement materials in cave temple conservation. Grotto temples represent a vital component of China's cultural heritage. The rocks of these structures are highly susceptible to thermal deterioration under natural cyclic temperature variations. In particular, the significant discrepancies in thermophysical properties among the constituent parts of the composite structure—specifically between grouting materials and the surrounding rock—induce thermally driven degradation, an issue that warrants considerable attention. The thermophysical properties of grouting materials are markedly influenced by various factors, including compositional ratios and moisture content. However, systematic investigations into the thermodynamic behavior of grouting materials used for fractured rocks in cave temples remain notably insufficient. Consequently, investigating the thermal compatibility between grouting materials and grotto temple rocks is of paramount importance for enhancing reinforcement efficacy and ensuring the long-term conservation of this cultural heritage. Future research should prioritize elucidating the thermodynamic characteristics of grouting materials and their responses to differential thermal expansion relative to the rock mass. Such insights will provide a robust theoretical foundation for the modification and development of advanced grouting materials tailored for heritage preservation.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Research Progress and Key Issues on Thermodynamic Characteristics and Thermal Compatibility of Grouting Materials for Cave Rocks Under Temperature Cycling
AU  - Yang Wang
AU  - Li Li
AU  - Mingshen Shao
AU  - Weichang Chen
AU  - Jianhui Liu
AU  - Xingzhou Liang
Y1  - 2026/09/14
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23
DO  - 10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23
T2  - Science Research
JF  - Science Research
JO  - Science Research
SP  - 356
EP  - 364
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-0927
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23
AB  - This study investigates the thermodynamic properties of grouting materials used in fractured rock masses of cave temples and their thermal compatibility with the host rock, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for the optimal design of reinforcement materials in cave temple conservation. Grotto temples represent a vital component of China's cultural heritage. The rocks of these structures are highly susceptible to thermal deterioration under natural cyclic temperature variations. In particular, the significant discrepancies in thermophysical properties among the constituent parts of the composite structure—specifically between grouting materials and the surrounding rock—induce thermally driven degradation, an issue that warrants considerable attention. The thermophysical properties of grouting materials are markedly influenced by various factors, including compositional ratios and moisture content. However, systematic investigations into the thermodynamic behavior of grouting materials used for fractured rocks in cave temples remain notably insufficient. Consequently, investigating the thermal compatibility between grouting materials and grotto temple rocks is of paramount importance for enhancing reinforcement efficacy and ensuring the long-term conservation of this cultural heritage. Future research should prioritize elucidating the thermodynamic characteristics of grouting materials and their responses to differential thermal expansion relative to the rock mass. Such insights will provide a robust theoretical foundation for the modification and development of advanced grouting materials tailored for heritage preservation.
VL  - 14
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Yang Wang

Institute for Conservation and Restoration of Grottoes and Rock Carvings (Stone and Earthen Heritage), Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing, China;School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China

Contact Email
Li Li

Institute for Conservation and Restoration of Grottoes and Rock Carvings (Stone and Earthen Heritage), Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing, China
Mingshen Shao

Institute for Conservation and Restoration of Grottoes and Rock Carvings (Stone and Earthen Heritage), Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing, China
Weichang Chen

Institute for Conservation and Restoration of Grottoes and Rock Carvings (Stone and Earthen Heritage), Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing, China
Jianhui Liu

Institute for Conservation and Restoration of Grottoes and Rock Carvings (Stone and Earthen Heritage), Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing, China
Xingzhou Liang

Institute for Conservation and Restoration of Grottoes and Rock Carvings (Stone and Earthen Heritage), Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing, China

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Figure 1

Figure 1. 图 1 石质文物热开裂。
Figure 2

Figure 2. 图 2 温度作用下岩体层状差异剥落。
Figure 3

Figure 3. 图 3 层间差异膨胀应力和裂纹形成[1 13 , 1 14 ]。

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Wang, Y., Li, L., Shao, M., Chen, W., Liu, J., et al. (2026). Research Progress and Key Issues on Thermodynamic Characteristics and Thermal Compatibility of Grouting Materials for Cave Rocks Under Temperature Cycling. Science Research, 14(5), 356-364. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23

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ACS Style

Wang, Y.; Li, L.; Shao, M.; Chen, W.; Liu, J., et al. Research Progress and Key Issues on Thermodynamic Characteristics and Thermal Compatibility of Grouting Materials for Cave Rocks Under Temperature Cycling. Sci. Res. 2026, 14(5), 356-364. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23

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AMA Style

Wang Y, Li L, Shao M, Chen W, Liu J, et al. Research Progress and Key Issues on Thermodynamic Characteristics and Thermal Compatibility of Grouting Materials for Cave Rocks Under Temperature Cycling. Sci Res. 2026;14(5):356-364. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23,
  author = {Yang Wang and Li Li and Mingshen Shao and Weichang Chen and Jianhui Liu and Xingzhou Liang},
  title = {Research Progress and Key Issues on Thermodynamic Characteristics and Thermal Compatibility of Grouting Materials for Cave Rocks Under Temperature Cycling},
  journal = {Science Research},
  volume = {14},
  number = {5},
  pages = {356-364},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sr.20261405.23},
  abstract = {This study investigates the thermodynamic properties of grouting materials used in fractured rock masses of cave temples and their thermal compatibility with the host rock, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for the optimal design of reinforcement materials in cave temple conservation. Grotto temples represent a vital component of China's cultural heritage. The rocks of these structures are highly susceptible to thermal deterioration under natural cyclic temperature variations. In particular, the significant discrepancies in thermophysical properties among the constituent parts of the composite structure—specifically between grouting materials and the surrounding rock—induce thermally driven degradation, an issue that warrants considerable attention. The thermophysical properties of grouting materials are markedly influenced by various factors, including compositional ratios and moisture content. However, systematic investigations into the thermodynamic behavior of grouting materials used for fractured rocks in cave temples remain notably insufficient. Consequently, investigating the thermal compatibility between grouting materials and grotto temple rocks is of paramount importance for enhancing reinforcement efficacy and ensuring the long-term conservation of this cultural heritage. Future research should prioritize elucidating the thermodynamic characteristics of grouting materials and their responses to differential thermal expansion relative to the rock mass. Such insights will provide a robust theoretical foundation for the modification and development of advanced grouting materials tailored for heritage preservation.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Research Progress and Key Issues on Thermodynamic Characteristics and Thermal Compatibility of Grouting Materials for Cave Rocks Under Temperature Cycling
AU  - Yang Wang
AU  - Li Li
AU  - Mingshen Shao
AU  - Weichang Chen
AU  - Jianhui Liu
AU  - Xingzhou Liang
Y1  - 2026/09/14
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23
DO  - 10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23
T2  - Science Research
JF  - Science Research
JO  - Science Research
SP  - 356
EP  - 364
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-0927
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261405.23
AB  - This study investigates the thermodynamic properties of grouting materials used in fractured rock masses of cave temples and their thermal compatibility with the host rock, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for the optimal design of reinforcement materials in cave temple conservation. Grotto temples represent a vital component of China's cultural heritage. The rocks of these structures are highly susceptible to thermal deterioration under natural cyclic temperature variations. In particular, the significant discrepancies in thermophysical properties among the constituent parts of the composite structure—specifically between grouting materials and the surrounding rock—induce thermally driven degradation, an issue that warrants considerable attention. The thermophysical properties of grouting materials are markedly influenced by various factors, including compositional ratios and moisture content. However, systematic investigations into the thermodynamic behavior of grouting materials used for fractured rocks in cave temples remain notably insufficient. Consequently, investigating the thermal compatibility between grouting materials and grotto temple rocks is of paramount importance for enhancing reinforcement efficacy and ensuring the long-term conservation of this cultural heritage. Future research should prioritize elucidating the thermodynamic characteristics of grouting materials and their responses to differential thermal expansion relative to the rock mass. Such insights will provide a robust theoretical foundation for the modification and development of advanced grouting materials tailored for heritage preservation.
VL  - 14
IS  - 5
ER  -

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